January 6th is National Shortbread Day, celebrating Scotland’s great contribution to cookiedom*. The classic Scottish cookie (or biscuit, the term used for cookies in the U.K.) recipe is traditionally one part white sugar, two parts butter, three to four parts plain wheat flour, and a bit of salt—but no leavening†.

Over the centuries, the buttery delighted has also been:

 
The lime shortbread recipe below, but first:
 
 
KNOW YOUR COOKIES

> The history of shortbread.

> The history of cookies.

> The 11 categories of cookies.

> The differences between butter cookies, shortbread, and sugar cookies.

> The different types of cookies: a photo glossary.

> More delicious shortbread cookie recipes are below.

> See all 44 of the year’s cookie holidays below.
 
 
RECIPE: CHERRY-LIME SHORTBREAD WITH DRIED CHERRIES

These delightful shortbread cookies (photo #1) are not too sweet and and have a sweet/tart bite from the dried cherries. For a sweeter cookie you can substitute mini chocolate chips.

Note that the best, freshest butter will give you the very best cookies. Do not substitute any other fat.

Prep time is 25 minutes and bake time is 10 minutes.

Ingredients For About 4-1/2 Dozen Cookies

 
Variations

 
Preparation

1. CREAM the butter and confectioners’ sugar in a large bowl until blended. Beat in the lime zest and extracts. In another bowl…

2. MIX the flour, baking powder, and salt. Gradually beat the dry mixture into the creamed mixture. Stir in the cherries.

3. DIVIDE the dough in half; shape each half into a 7-inch-long roll. Wrap each roll in plastic and refrigerate overnight. Note that many recipes will say to refrigerate the dough for 3-4 hours or until firm. We have found a longer time yields easier slicing; or you can as easily freeze the dough for 1-2 hours until it is firm enough to slice.

4. PREHEAT the oven to 350°F. Unwrap and cut dough crosswise into 1/4-inch slices with a very sharp, thin knife (there should be 28 quarter-inch slices per 7-inch log.

5. PLACE the slices 2 inches apart on ungreased baking sheets. Bake 9-11 minutes or until the edges are golden brown. Remove from the sheets to wire racks to cool.
 
 
MORE SHORTBREAD COOKIE RECIPES

 
Plus:

 
> Skip to all the cookie holidays below.

________________

*Other Scottish cookies we love: Abernathy biscuits (with caraway seeds), oat cakes, oat and walnut biscuits.

†Leavening: Most cookies are made with leavening agents, such as baking soda or baking powder. Leavening agents cause the dough to expand and rise while baking, which affects the cookie’s texture and structure.

The two most common leaveners are baking soda and baking powder. Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) reacts with acidic ingredients (e.g. buttermilk, lemon juice, molasses, vinegar) to release carbon dioxide, which creates air bubbles and a denser cookie with craggy tops. Baking powder causes cookies to rise higher and have a cakier texture.

††Treacle and golden syrup, the difference: Ingredients in British baking, golden syrup is the lightest and mildest form of treacle. It has a more caramelized, buttery flavor and a golden color. “Treacle” is most often used to refer to a darker, richer, and slightly bitter syrup.

While there is regular treacle, “black treacle” is the darkest variety of treacle, essentially considered the British equivalent of blackstrap molasses. It’s the most concentrated, intensely flavored type of treacle.

Molasses is often compared to treacle. Both are by-products of sugar refining. There’s a slight difference based on processing: Treacle is sweeter, thinner, and slightly less bitter than molasses.

Typically, molasses boils for much longer, resulting in a darker, thicker liquid with less sugar. “Black treacle” is most similar to molasses, but can still have slightly different flavor profile depending on the manufacturer and region.

‡Parlies, short for Parliament cakes, are a type of dark-hued shortbread biscuits that look like they might be flavored with cocoa, but intead they get their color from black treacle or molasses (photo #8). They’re seasoned with ground ginger and optional candied ginger, making them warm and spicy with an added hit of mild toffee flavor from the treacle.

The history of Parlies: The flavored shortbread, sometimes spelled Parleys, was originally served with Scotch whisky. Today they’re most often served with tea. [Editor’s note: Here’s a recipe. Why not serve them with hot toddies or hot butted rum] [source].

The story goes that in the 18th century, a Mrs. Flockhart, proprietor of a bakeshop located near the Scottish Parliament buildings in Potterow, Edinburgh, created the biscuits and supplied them to the politicians and staff working there.

While her first name is lost to history, she is referred to as Luckie Flockhart, Luckie being a Scots term for a respected older woman, particularly one who ran a business. This suggests she was a well-regarded figure in her local community [source: Claude.ai, 2025-01-07).
 
________________
 
 
THE YEAR’S 44 COOKIE HOLIDAYS

Note that brownies are cookies—bar cookies—and not cake.

[1] Lime and cherry shortbread cookies. The recipe is below, as are flavor variations (photo © Taste Of Home).

[2] When we bake recipes where the butter flavor is paramount, we use 83% butter, also called Euro style. It has a butterfat content of 83%, which is higher than regular butter—80% in the U.S. Check out the different types of butter (photo © Kerrygold USA).

[3] Need tips on how to zest a lime (or any citrus)? Head here (photo © Eating On A Dime).

[4] If you’d prefer flavor accents other than lime and cherry, check out some options.

[5] The original shortbread was cooked in a skillet over the fire and sliced into triangles. The shape is called “petticoat tails.” This espresso chocolate chunk shortbread is baked in a tart pan: Here’s the recipe (photo © The Beach House Kitchen).

[6] Elegantly embossed (photos #5 and #6 © Walker’s Shortbread).

[7] Walker’s also honors Scotland’s iconic Scottie with these cookies.

[8] Parlies (Parliament shortbread) are flavored with ginger and black treacle. Here’s the recipe (photo © London Eats | WordPress).

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[1] Our dinner for National Spaghetti Day was a big hit (photos #1 through #4 © Oleificio Zucchi).

[2] The ingredients.

[3] Making the tomato confit.

[4] Zucchi Sicilian IGP EVOO.

[5] Shelled pistachio nuts (photo Columbus Craft Meats | Facebook).

[6] Parmigiano reggiano cheese (photo © London Deposit | Panther Media).

[7] Fresh basil leaves (photo license CC0 Public Domain).

[8] Garlic (photo Wesual Click | Public Domain).

[9] Juice a lemon (photo © Dominika Roseclay | Pexels).

[10] We always have a jar of chopped pistachios on hand as a quick garnish on just about anything (photo © Gusto | Amazon).

January 4th is National Spaghetti Day and we made this delicious Sicily-inspired pasta dish: Spaghetti With Pistachio Pesto & Tomato Confit.

The ground pistachios create a creamy, nutty pesto, perfectly contrasted by the concentrated sweetness of homemade tomato confit (which replaces tomato sauce).

It was a hit, and we’ll make it again next month: February 26th is National Pistachio Day.

Thanks to Zucchi, a producer of fine extra virgin olive oils, for the recipe. We used their Sicilia IGP Extra Virgin Olive Oil in the recipe.

> Here’s more about Zucchi olive oil.

> What’s an IGP olive oil? See below.

Made with 100% Sicilian olives, this extra virgin olive oil has an intense fruitiness and pungency. It boasts notes reminiscent of the island including oregano, wild fennel, and citrus.

> A year of pasta holidays.

> The different types of pasta: a photo glossary.

> The history of pasta.

> A year of pasta holidays.

> The different types of pasta: a glossary.
 
 
RECIPE #1: PASTA WITH PISTACHIO PESTO & TOMATO CONFIT

The tomato confit is optional, but highly recommended to create an extra-special dish. The confit can be prepared ahead of time, as can the pistachio pesto.

Or, you can substitute sundried tomatoes. The difference:

 
Prep time is 30 minutes and cook time is 1 hour 40 minutes.

> Here’s a video of the recipe.
 
Ingredients For 4-6 Servings

For The Pistachio Pesto

 
Ingredients For The Pasta

 
Preparation

1. MAKE the tomato confit (recipe below). It can be made a week in advance and stored in the fridge.

2. MAKE the pistachio pesto. Combine the pistachios, Parmigiano-Reggiano, basil, garlic, lemon juice, and salt in a food processor. Process until finely chopped. With the motor still running…

3. DRIZZLE in EVOO and keep blending until the mixture is creamy. Set aside.

4. COOK the spaghetti according to the package directions. Before draining the pasta, make sure to reserve about ½ cup of cooking liquid.

5. GENTLY HEAT the tomato confit it is warmed through (if it has been refrigerated).

6. COMBINE the cooked spaghetti, pistachio pesto, and ½ cup of reserved cooking liquid in a large bowl. Toss to make sure that the pesto covers the pasta evenly.

7. SERVE the pasta topped with warm tomato confit, extra parmesan cheese, and chopped pistachios. Drizzle with a little bit of EVOO before serving.
 
 
RECIPE #2: CHERRY TOMATO CONFIT

Cherry tomatoes are slow-roasted with garlic, herbs, and a generous amount of olive oil, resulting in a condiment bursting with concentrated flavors.

Tomato confit can be prepared ahead of time. Once cooled, spoon it into a jar or other tight-lidded container and store it in the fridge.

Tomato confit is a lovely garnish or side for dishes beyond pasta: grilled or roasted meats and seafood, for example. You can also serve it with cheeses, and atop goat cheese crostini.

Prep time is 5 minutes, and cook time is 1 hour 30 minutes.
 
Ingredients

 
Preparation

1. PREHEAT the oven to 300°F. Place the tomatoes into a roasting pan, making sure that they fit snugly in one layer and are not piled up.

2. ARRANGE the garlic, rosemary, thyme, and basil between the tomatoes. Season with salt and drizzle with EVOO, making sure that the tomatoes are at least half covered in oil.

3. PLACE the roasting pan in the preheated oven and cook for 1½ hours.

4. SERVE the tomato confit on top of the pasta.
 
 
WHAT IS AN IGP OR PGI OLIVE OIL?

When shopping for European food products, it’s common to see the acronym “IGP” or “PGI” on the label.

IGP (Indicazione Geografica Protetta) or PGI in English (Protected Geographical Indication) is a special designation given by the EU to European food products that are closely linked to a geographical area.

In order for a product to have the IGP designation, at least one of the stages of production, processing, or preparation must take place in the specified area.

For example, a Sicilian IGP extra virgin olive oil is made from olives harvested only in Sicily. The olives are pressed, blended, and bottled in Sicily as well.

Similarly, a Tuscan IGP extra virgin olive oil is made from olives harvested only in the region of Tuscany. The olives are pressed, blended, and bottled in Tuscany.

Only under these conditions can the olive oil claim IGP status.

There are also other technical and sensory requirements that an IGP-labeled olive oil must meet, including:

 
 
What’s the purpose of IGP designation?

The IGP label is used to protect the heritage of great food products, and to assure consumers that they’re getting the genuine item.

It prevents producers from elsewhere from imitating a traditional product with one that falls short of the iconic original.

It’s commonly applied to food products with a rich tradition such as wine, cheese, charcuterie, balsamic vinegar, olive oil, and even unique fruits and vegetables.

For every product, there’s a quality control committee (a consorzio, or consortium) that thoroughly tests and reviews the product for its authenticity.

A panel of experts thoroughly reviews and tests every batch of products applying for IGP status. It’s a rigorous process.
 
 
How do you know if a product is IGP?

It’s simple: Look for the seal somewhere on the product label. The IGP symbol is a blue and yellow starburst circle containing the words: Indicazione Geografica Protetta, Protected Geographical Indication, or whatever—see below [source].

Note that obtaining certification is a somewhat costly and bureaucratic procedure. Some smaller estates may produce excellent olive oil yet not have the certification.

More to note:

Regardless of designation, olive oil should have a “best by” date. The fresher the olive oil, the better.

By putting a “best by” date on a bottle, the producer asserts that that under proper storage conditions, the oil will good through that date.

If there’s no date on the bottle, pass it by.

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Olive oil cake is similar to any other cake, except for the fat. Olive oil is substituted for butter (or other fat) in the recipe. It’s important to use high-quality olive oil, as it will be a dominant flavor.

We have long lamented a local bakery that closed after addicting us to its plain, simple, and oh-so-flavorful olive oil cakes. So when we came across Flour & Olive, an artisan company specializing in olive oil cake mixes, we were so happy we gave everyone a box for Christmas.

—Karen Hochman
 
 
FOUR DIFFERENT MIXES MAKE 70+ DIFFERENT CAKES

The four olive oil cake mixes—Almond, Chocolate, Ginger, and Vanilla—are crafted from a custom blend of unbleached and whole wheat flours.

The mixes are designed to be paired with extra virgin olive oil, a simple baking method and our interactive International Collection of over 70 recipes that transport your senses all over the world and include vegan and dairy free options.

There are some 70 recipes. All can be served plain or iced. Just four examples for each cake mix:

 
Several of the giftees, no doubt inspired by the charming packaging, quickly baked their cakes and fed back (pun intended) to us how happy they were.
 
 
GET YOUR FLOUR & OLIVE CAKE MIXES

> Head to FlourAndOlive.com.
 
 
> The history of olive oil cake is below.

> The history of cake.

> The history of olive oil.

> The different types of cake: a photo glossary.

> The different types of olives and olive oil: a photo glossary.

> Check your EVOO I.Q.

> Cakes, gâteaux, tarts, and tortes: the difference.
 
 
OLIVE OIL VS. BUTTER IN YOUR CAKE

Olive oil has some distinct advantages over butter:

 
Some might try to add affordability to this list, since regular olive oil is less expensive than butter. However, olive oil cake demands to be made from extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). See the analysis in the footnote‡.

 
 
THE HISTORY OF OLIVE OIL CAKE

The history of olive oil cake is rooted in the Mediterranean, where olive trees have been cultivated for thousands of years.

The wild olive tree (Olea oleaster), originated in an area of the eastern Mediterranean region that includes parts of modern-day Lebanon, Palestine/Israel, and Syria.

The tree began to be cultivated around 6000-5500 B.C.E. in the Levant‡‡. The domesticated olive tree (Olea europaea) then spread westward across the Mediterranean, reaching Greece, Rome, and elsewhere through trade and cultural exchange.

Olive oil was used for beauty, household, medicine, and religious rituals, as well as for cooking.

The ancient Egyptians were the world’s first great bakers. Combine that with the fact that olives were cultivated in Egypt possibly as far back as the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3150-2686 B.C.E.).

Hard archaeological evidence, such as olive pits and wood remains, dates back to at least the New Kingdom (c. 1550-1070 B.C.E.), if not earlier (source: Claude.ai 2025-01-04).

We can assume that Egyptians used the oil for baking. But the first major bakers of olive oil cake appear to be the Greeks.

By around 3000 B.C.E., olive oil had become so integral to Greek civilization that the olive branch turned into a symbol of peace. Cooks began to incorporating the oil into their cakes*, among other foods, giving birth to the olive oil cake.

In addition to spreading olive cultivation to their colonies and trading networks across the Mediterranean, the Greeks made significant improvements in cultivation techniques and created new cultivars‡‡‡ through selective breeding.

In the Christian era, in many Mediterranean countries including Greece and Italy, olive oil cake became a customary treat during the holiday season [source].

In Italy’s Calabria region, for example, olive oil cakes called Pitta ‘mpigliata† or Pitta China, are traditional Christmas desserts: spiral-shaped pastries filled with nuts, dried fruit, and spices.
 
 
Modern Olive Oil Cake

Beyond the simple olive oil cake, many variations have evolved.

 
Plus:

[1] Flour & Olives almond cake mix is an award winner with numerous recipe options, including Almond Citrus, Coconut HHarissa, Persian Rose, Turmeric Spice, and other Middle Eastern-flavor cakes (photos #1 through #5 © Flour & Olive).

[2] Chocolate cake mix can be turned into Chocolate Cherry, Italian Torta Nua with Nutella, Mascarpone Chocolate, Mexican Chocolate, and more yummy chocolate combinations.

[3] Ginger cake can be made into Carrot, Chai, Coffee Spice, Pumpkin, and numerous other cakes with hints of spice.

[4] Vanilla cake mix can be turned into Apple, Banana Chocolate Chip, Citrus, Honey, and Mascarpone Cake, among others.

[5] Elegant packaging turns Flour & Olive mixes into lovely gifts.

[6] California’s McEvoy Ranch pairs Flour & Olive cake mixes with their high-quality Certified Organic Extra Virgin Cooking Olive Oil. Here’s more about it (photo © McEvoy Ranch).

[7] Whether you’re making an olive oil cake or using the oil as a bread dipper, use the best: the flavor is front and forward (photo © Roberta Sorge | Unsplash).

[8] Pitta ‘mpigliata†, a Calabrian Christmas pastry made with olive oil Here’s a recipe (photo © Cucina Grandinetti).

*Olive oil cakes are moister due to the oil’s superior ability to retain moisture. Butter contains water that evaporates during baking.

**Olive oil is pareve, a term in Jewish dietary laws (kashrut/kosher) that refers to foods/ingredients that can be eaten with both meat and dairy products. Per Jewish law, meat products and dairy products cannot be consumed at the same meal (here’s why). In the case of baked goods made with oil instead of butter (a dairy product), the cake could be eaten at either a meat meal or a dairy meal. Otherwise, those who observe kashrut must wait six hours between consuming meat and dairy.

†Pitta ‘mpigliata meaning: In the Calabrese dialect, the word pitta is a variation on pizza, which is itself related to the Arab word pita, meaning pie or cake. Impigliata means entangled, as are the fruits and nuts entangled in the pastry. Pitta China is a stuffed pastry.

‡Making butter: In addition to 16 ounces of butter from a quart of cream, you’ll also get two cups of buttermilk as a by-product. While the price of both commodities varies, as of this writing a pound of butter (four sticks) at Trader Joe’s was $3.99, or 25¢/ounce. A 33.8-ounce bottle of Italian olive oil was $10.99, or 33¢/ounce [source]. However, for baking an olive oil cake, you should use EVOO, not cooking oil. Trader Joe’s Premium Extra Virgin Olive Oil is $12.99, or 41¢/ounce. Factoid: It takes one quart of cream (32 ounces) to make one pound of butter (16 ounces).

‡‡The Levant is a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region that comprises modern-day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and a small part of southern Turkey.

‡‡‡A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that growers have selected for desired traits. It retains those traits when propagated. Methods used to propagate cultivars include root and stem cuttings, grafting, and carefully controlled seed production, among others.
 
 

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[1] Ticking down to the New Year: a delicious blackout cake with orange marmalade filling (photos #1, #2, #3 © Frog Hollow Farm).

[2] We like to add a dab of garnish—with something creamy but not sweet (see photos #4 and #5).

[3] Frog Hollow’s orange marmalade is made from navel orange, not the bitter Seville oranges that are traditionally used. Why? See the history of marmalade, below.

[4] You can add a dab of mascarpone (the fresh cheese used in tiramisu) to the plate (photo © Vermont Creamery).

[5] Or, whip some cream with only a tad-to-no sugar and instead add grated orange peel or 2 tablespoons per cup of heavy cream (photo © Kuhn Rikon).

[6] Pair this cake with a sparkling French 75. Here’s the recipe See other beverage pairings below (photo © Tanqueray).

[7] A Mimosa is another great pairing. Here’s the recipe and also a recipe for a Mimosa-Aperol Spritz mash-up (photo Vxla | Wikipedia Commons).

[8] A jar of onion marmalade, superb with sharp cheeses and sausages, per the producer. You can purchase it here (photo © Fortnum & Mason).

[9] Heirloom tomato marmalade made with yellow tomatoes. You can purchase it here (photo © Sweet Jacquelina).

[10] Beet marmalade tops goat cheese on an artisan cracker. Here’s the recipe (photo © Hannah Kaminsky | Bittersweet Blog).

Look closely and this Chocolate Orange Marmalade Cake can stand in for the clock, counting down to midnight. So as fans of Frog Hollow Farm, we ordered one to usher in the new year.

From Chef Becky of Frog Hollow Farm (one of our favorite purveyors of California organic fruit), this rich, velvety Chocolate Orange Marmalade Cake marries quality dark chocolate and sweet navel oranges.

The cake itself is Blackout Cake, a moist dark chocolate layer cake. This recipe adds coffee to enhance the flavor of the chocolate and separates the layers with Frog Hollow Farm’s popular Organic Navel Orange Marmalade.

The cake is frosted with chocolate ganache, made with 66% dark organic Guittard chocolate. If you love the combination of chocolate and orange (we do—it’s a match made in heaven), this cake is a dream.

—Karen Hochman
 
 
GET YOUR CHOCOLATE MARMALADE CAKE

> Head to FrogHollowFarm.com.

The cake is available year-round, waiting for your next special occasion.

For an optional garnish, try barely sweetened whipped cream with splash of orange liqueur or grated orange peel, or mascarpone.
 
 
> The different types of cake: a photo glossary.

> The history of cake.

> The history of marmalade follows.

> Beverage pairings for this cake are also below.

> Cake and wine pairings for other cakes.

> More cake and wine pairings.
 
 
THE HISTORY OF MARMALADE

Marmalade is a member of the sweet spread family that also includes chutney, conserve, curd, jam, jelly, preserves, and related items (check out the differences here).

Marmalade differs from the other spreads in that it not only includes chunks of fruit, but also strips of the fruit’s rinds.

The name comes from the Portuguese word marmelo, which is the word for quince. That’s because the original marmalade was made with quince.

In fact, quince marmalade was made as far back as the 14th century in Portugal and Spain. But because quinces are bitter and required a lot of expensive sugar to sweeten, oranges and other fruits took over center stage—although the name marmelo stuck.

You can still find the occasional jar of quince marmalade if you search online—although quince jam and jelly are far more available.
 
 
Marmalade Travels To Britain

When citrus fruits from warm climates became more available in the 17th century, they entered Britain’s repertoire of fruit spreads. A Scottish recipe for orange marmalade appears in “Mrs McLintoch’s Receipts (sic)” of 1736 [source].

In the 1760s, Scotsman John Keiller opened a confectionery shop selling biscuits, cakes, jams, jellies, and sweets on Seagate, a street in Dundee. Here begins the commercial rise of Britain’s orange marmalade.

In 1762 he married Janet Matheson and she ran the shop producing many of the goods herself—in addition to bearing eight children [source].

In 1797, it seems, John Keiller was on the docks of Dundee Harbor where a ship from Seville had taken shelter from a storm with a cargo of oranges.

At the time Seville oranges were used medicinally—the peel was thought to aid digestion. But the variety was too bitter to consume as fresh fruit, and the lot proved to be a hard sell. Keiller purchased them for a bargain price [source].

Janet thought it would be worth trying to make marmalade. Putting her own spin on it, she added thin strips of orange peel (called chips). She sold her innovation as chip marmalade (subsequently also called peel marmalade and shred marmalade).

She also changed the consistency of her marmalade, from a solid form (think membrillo) to a tender consistency, enabling it to be spread on toast. Thus Dundee marmalade* was born.

It developed a considerable following, so the Keillers opened a factory to produce their marmalade. With clever marketing touting that the chips of skin assisted with digestion—and thus Keiller’s was healthier than other breakfast spreads—Keiller’s Marmalade sales took offe.

Janet Keiller also used her marmalade to create Dundee Cake†, a type of fruitcake (photo #11, below).

By the end of the 1800s, Keiller’s Marmalade was being shipped throughout the British Empire. Keiller’s Dundee Orange Marmalade was one of the first brands to be formally registered in the U.K., in 1876. Here’s more about the history of Keiller’s Marmalade.

It became one of the most popular toast spreads in the country: a cultural icon and part of British culinary heritage.

Here’s more Keiller history from the BBC.
 
 
Modern Marmalade

While marmalade is traditionally made from citrus fruits—bergamot, blood orange, navel, and Seville orange; grapefruit; kumquat; lemons and Meyer lemons; and mandarins. It also can be:

 
Check out the winners of the annual The Dalemain World Marmalade Awards if you want to see the best.

 
 
Savory Marmalade

 
 
Uses For Savory Marmalade

 
 
BEVERAGE PAIRINGS WITH CHOCOLATE-ORANGE CAKE

 
Guaranteed: a delicious end to a festive evening.
 
 
 
 
 

[11] Dundee Cake (photo by R. Gloucester, license CC BY-SA 4.0).

†Dundee cake is a traditional Scottish fruitcake made with currants, Dundee marmalade, ground almonds, lemon zest and orange zest, raisins, nutmeg, sultanas (golden raisins), and typical cake ingredients such as baking powder, butter, eggs, flour, milk, and sugar. Some recipes add the more familiar candieds fruit, such as candied citrus peel and glacé cherries. The cake is topped with concentric circles of blanched almonds (photo #11). Dundee Cake was purportedly a favorite of Queen Elizabeth II who enjoyed it with her tea, and Winston Churchill.

‡Tomato is actually a fruit, and can easily be made into a sweet marmalade. However, savory spices and herbs can turn it into a savory marmalade—a delicious condiment as well as a spread.
 
 

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Dreaming of a white Christmas may or may not have born fruit for you, but you can take some of those candy canes to garnish a cup of white hot chocolate.

Instead of cocoa powder, this recipe makes hot chocolate the original Swiss way: by melting chocolate bars.

You can use white chocolate bars or chips. If you have white baking chocolate (manufactured without sugar), you can use that and sweeten to taste.

And as you melt it, listen to “White Christmas” on YouTube:

> Bing Crosby’s “White Christmas.”

> Bing Crosby & Frank Sinatra’s “White Christmas.”

> Bing Crosby’s “White Christmas” Karaoke Version.

> Elvis Presley’s “White Christmas.”
 
 

 
 
> The history of hot chocolate.

> The history of white chocolate is below.

> Our favorite gourmet white chocolate bars.

> The year’s 69 chocolate holidays.

> The difference between hot chocolate and cocoa.

> The different types of chocolate: a photo glossary.

> The history of candy canes.

> More hot chocolate recipes.
 
 
RECIPE: WHITE HOT CHOCOLATE

Prep time is 5 minutes and cook time is 10 minutes.

Ingredients For 6 Small Cups Or 3-4 Mugs

 
Preparation

1. HEAT the milk in a large saucepan over medium heat until bubbles form around sides of pan. While the milk is heating…

2. BEAT the cream in a small bowl until stiff peaks form. Fold in 1 teaspoon of crushed candy cane.

3. WHISK the chocolate into the milk until smooth. Remove from heat; stir in the peppermint extract.

4. POUR into mugs and top with whipped cream. Sprinkle with the remaining crushed candy cane. If you are using the optional marshmallows, we like to put them atop the hot chocolate first, then top with whipped cream, then the crushed candy cane.

5. SERVE immediately.
 
 
THE HISTORY OF WHITE CHOCOLATE

White chocolate was created by Nestlé in Switzerland in 1936, the inventor of milk chocolate (see the history of chocolate).

The company developed it to use excess cocoa butter, a by-product of their chocolate manufacturing process.

White chocolate consists of cocoa butter, sugar, milk solids, and vanilla, but contains no cocoa solids (which are what gives chocolate its brown color). The first white chocolate bar for consumers, called Galak was released in Europe in 1937.

Nestlé still sells Galak (a made-up name*) in various European and South American countries. It is also sold in the U.K. and Australia but renamed as Milkybar.

Milk and dark chocolates have the same ingredients, plus cocoa solids. While milk chocolate contains milk solids as does white chocolate, dark chocolate contains no milk (and is vegan).

White chocolate was first introduced to the American market in the 1940s after World War II, though it didn’t gain widespread popularity until the 1980s when major U.S. chocolate manufacturers began producing it commercially and the population of artisan confectioners grew.

But technically, without any cocoa solids, was it really chocolate?

For decades after its introduction in the U.S., white chocolate was not classified as real chocolate because it lacks cocoa solids.

There was an ongoing controversy between chocolatiers and the government. Not to mention generations of consumers and industry professionals alike who felt that if the government said so, then that was so.

Finally, in 2024, the FDA established standards validating white chocolate as real chocolate if it contains:

 
So there is officially “real chocolate” in the U.S., but a lot of information online and elsewhere keeps bringing up the 20th century misinformation.

> Here’s more history of white chocolate.
 
 
Imitation White Chocolate a.k.a. Confectioner’s Coating a.k.a. Candy Melts

If you’ve had white chocolate and don’t like it, you may have actually eaten imitation white chocolate, a product that’s cheaper to produce.

It’s also called called confectioners’ coating, confectionery coating, candy coating, candy wafers, compound chocolate, and melts.

Imitation white chocolate is a product that contains sugar and milk, but instead of cocoa butter, it uses a cheaper fat like hydrogenated vegetable oil or palm kernel oil.

Note that cocoa butter is also a vegetable oil, but it comes from cocoa beans. White chocolate has no cocoa powder in it, which is why it tastes the way it does, and why it is white instead of brown like chocolate is.

Without cocoa butter, there’s nothing “chocolate” about it.

A well-respected brand like Lindt uses a blend of both.

Such products are often labeled as “white baking chips/morsels” or “white baking bar”—they can’t use the word “chocolate.”

Why don’t most people like the taste of imitation white chocolate?

 
For a true white chocolate experience, look for a bar that has only cocoa butter.

In addition to the cost savings, confectioners’ coating is easier to work with, and doesn’t require tempering.
 
 
Uses For Confectioners’ Coating a.k.a. Candy Melts

Easy-to-melt confectioners’ coating/candy melts are a versatile confectionery ingredient in chocolate-making, baking, and decorating.

They are available in a variety of colors and flavors, and leftover coating can be re-melted and used again, for:

 
Reminder: This is not an endorsement of coating/melts. We have not been keen on either the flavor and texture since our early days as an incipient foodie.

[1] White hot chocolate is made by melting a white chocolate bar in milk (photo and recipe © Taste Of Home).

[2] A whole peppermint stick looks more dramatic, but crushed pieces imbue the drink with more peppermint flavor (photo © Natalie Grainger | Unsplash).

[3] Guittard white chocolate chips are one of our favorites; the other is Valrhona (photo © Webstuarant Store).

[4] Instead of baking chips, you can also chop up a white chocolate bar. This is one of our everyday favorites, from Green & Black’s (photo Claire Freiermann | © The Nibble).

[5] Just put the candy cane(s) between sheets of wax paper and crush with a rolling pin or a wine bottle. If the canes are wrapped in plastic, leave it on while crushing (photo © Luciana Borges | Squarespace).

[6] When you buy mini-marshmallows, check out Dandies (photo 98, below). They’re vegan and kosher, but more importantly for us, they taste so much better than the big store brands (photo © Serafima Lazarenko | Unsplash).

[7] Homemade whipped cream tastes so much better than from-a-can, but if you don’t have the time, grab the aerosol (photo © King Arthur Baking).

[8] Confectioners coating is used by most confectioners (except fine chocolatiers) to coat pretzels and other snacks. Check the package label (photo © Merckens Chocolate Melts).

In the days before air conditioning, confectioners made “white chocolate” candies from confectioners’ coating because it didn’t melt like chocolate does.

Bonbons were made in “original” white confectioners’ coating, which was also tinted in pastel shades for a summery look—pale blue, green, pink, and yellow.

While the “colored chocolates”-in-the-window appealed attractive to my grade school self, even then I knew they didn’t taste anywhere near as good as the “regular” chocolate from chocolate shops my family patronized (which in those days meant Fanny Farmer, Schrafft’s and mom-and-pops like Bischoff’s, Hashagen’s, and Schwartz Candies).

So: If you think you don’t like white chocolate, try a quality bar.

And be sure to read the ingredients label when you purchase anything from white baking chips to chocolate bars to chocolate-covered pretzels.
 

[9] It’s easy to find Dandies vegan marshmallows online. They also make limited-edition Maple, Peppermint, and Pumpkin flavors for the holidays Here’s a store locator (photo © Dandies).
 
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*Trying to find an origin word for Galak, THE NIBBLE team searched for, among other things, the reverse spelling. “Kalag” is a word from the Bisayan language of The Philippines that means “ghost.” That name fits with a white-color candy, but what’s the chance that someone in Switzerland in 1937 knew Bisayan?

†The more finely the chocolate is chopped, the faster it will melt.
 
 

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