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[1] Pop the corn, grab the milk, and enjoy a bowl of cereal. The recipe is below (photo © National Popcorn Board).
[2] It’s easy to reach for the sugar bowl, but consider brown sugar, demerara (raw) sugar, or maple syrup as alternatives (photo © Eduardo Casajus Gorostiaga | Unsplash).
[3] Fun for brunch: Set up a breakfast bar with popcorn and different toppings (photo © National Popcorn Board).
[4] Popcorn atop a whole-grain “granola” of amaranth, buckwheat, oats, and sesame, topped with fresh fruit. Here’s the recipe (photo © Eat Smarter).
[5] Popcorn kernels. Popcorn, Zea mays var. everta), is the only corn that will pop (photo © Markus Winkler | Unsplash).
[6] Breakfast popcorn and milk. Here’s the recipe (photo © John Kernick | Food And Wine).
[7] Popcorn in the field. Here’s how to grow your own popcorn (photo © Espoma).
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March 7th is National Cereal Day. Cereal is what Americans eat for breakfast, but in the bigger picture, cereal refers to a group of grasses that are grown for their edible components: grains composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran. They include barley, kamut, maize (corn), millet, oats, rice, rye, sorghum, spelt, teff, triticale, and wheat. Cereal grains are the seeds of the grasses.
All are members of the Poaceae family, also called the grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos, and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns and pasture (the latter two are commonly referred to collectively as grass).
The edible cereals divide from the family level into different tribes, genuses, and species.
Edible grains from other plant families, such as buckwheat, chia, quinoa, and wild rice, are referred to as pseudocereals.
Most cereals are annual plants; one planting yields one harvest. They divide into cool-season cereals (barley, oats, rye, spelt, triticale, and wheat) that cease to grow in and warm-season cereals that are tender and prefer hot weather (maize, millet, rice, sorghum, teff).
Below:
> Popcorn cereal bowl recipe.
> The history of cereal.
Elsewhere on The Nibble:
> The history of cold breakfast cereal.
> The history of porridge.
> The year’s 15 cereal holidays.
> The year’s 12+ popcorn holidays.
> The year’s 116 breakfast holidays.
STAPLE FOODS FOR THE WORLD
Cereal grain crops are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop, and are one of the key staple crops*. About 80% of the protein and 50% of the calories consumed by humans and livestock come from cereal grains. The U.S. is a major supplier of cereal grains to the rest of the world [source].
In their natural, unprocessed, whole grain form, cereals are a rich source of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, oils, and protein. When processed by the removal of the bran, and germ, the remaining endosperm is mostly carbohydrates. (Here’s more about whole grain cereals.)
RECIPE: POPCORN CEREAL BOWL
Popcorn is made from a particular variety of maize (Zea mays var. everta) which expands and puffs up when heated. It’s well-known to Americans as a snack, but Americans also ate it as a breakfast cereal in the 19th century (see below.
Not only is freshly popped popcorn a delicious breakfast cereal; it’s also a whole grain—and it’s food fun, to boot!
A recipe follows, as does the history of grains.
There are a variety of choices for the topping. Truth to tell, we were out of berries but we had a bag of trail mix. That was our first topping, until we replenished our supply of berries.
Thanks to the National Popcorn Board for this recipe. Check their website for many more popcorn recipes.
Ingredients
Plain poopcorn
Milk
Optional sweetener (cane sugar, light brown sugar, demerara (raw) sugar, nancaloric sugar substitute)
Dried fruit toppings: dried fruits (apples, currants, dates, raisins)
Fresh fruit toppings: bananas, blueberries, raspberries, strawberries
Nut toppings: peanuts, pecan pieces, pine nuts, sliced almonds, toasted walnuts,
Tropical toppings: coconut flakes, dried papaya and pineapple pieces, fresh mango
Preparation
1. PLACE the popcorn in a bowl and add cold milk, just like any breakfast cereal.
2. SPRINKLE with the optional sugar and top with your choice of stir-ins. Dig in!
THE HISTORY OF CEREAL
Cereals were the foundation of human civilization. Most archaeologists and paleoanthropologists agree that agriculture began around 10,000 B.C.E., when nomadic people living near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia (the “Fertile Crescent,” which is modern-day Iraq) settled into villages and began cultivating and breeding wheat. Some believe that the desire for a fixed residence for the growing of wheat was based on the demand for beer.
By 8000 B.C.E., people in Central Asia† were cultivating millet and rice. Emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, and barley were three of the so-called Neolithic founder crops in the Fertile Crescent. Around the same time, millet and rice were starting to be cultivated in East Asia†. Sorghum and millets were being domesticated in sub-Saharan West Africa.
By 7000 B.C.E., people in what is now Greece were cultivating not only wheat but barley and oats.
By 6000 B.C.E., farmers were milling their cereal grains by hammering them with stone pestles and were toasting the milled grains.
By 3000 B.C.E., people in South America, and probably Central America as well, were cultivating maize.
Before 2500 B.C.E., ancient Egyptians were cultivating wheat and barley and fermenting them to make beer.
By 12000 B.C.E., hand mills for grinding grain appeared and continued in use in most 17th-century American colonies for processing cereal grains [source].
Pursuant to this article on popcorn: corn was domesticated about 10,000 years ago in what is now Mexico. The archaeological record shows that people have known about popcorn for thousands of years. Fossil evidence from Peru suggests that corn was popped as early as 4,700 B.C.E. [source].
Agriculture produced food that enabled the support of increased populations, leading to larger societies and eventually the development of cities. Since agriculture bred immobility, it led to the accumulation of material goods.
And cereals determined how large, and for how long, an army could be mobilized [source].
The word “cereal” is derived from Ceres, the Roman goddess of harvest and agriculture. and grain. The Romans credited her with the discovery of spelt, an ancient strain of wheat, and with the knowledge of how to grow, fertilize and harvest cereal crops.
By the early 1700s, the rice and oats had been imported to America from the Old World and were found to be hardy grains for the terrain and climate. Europe’s staple grain, wheat, did not fare well on the East Coast of the continent; wheat flour had to be imported.
Maize, which was grown by the Native Americans, became an everyday part of the American diet for bread, breakfast cereal, corn pudding, johnnycakes, and more—even pound cake. The steamroller mill subsequently made it possible to quickly process wheat before it decayed.
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In the early 19th century, Swedish immigrants began settling in the Midwest, planting wheat and eventually turning the area into a major wheat producer. In 1874, Russian immigrants brought seeds for Turkey Red Wheat to Kansas. It was drought resistant and became a source for many varieties of dwarf wheat grown in the U.S.
In 1834 the mechanical revolution in farming began when Cyrus McCormick introduced his mechanical reaper, which allowed two field hands to do the work that had previously taken five to do. In 1847, he patented another important farm implement, a disk plow that facilitated the planting of even rows of cereal grasses.
In the 1890s, combine harvesters were introduced. Soon, they would be powered by internal combustion engines and a single farm could harvest almost 20 times as much land as could have been harvested at the outset of the 19th century. That led to efficient corporate farming possible, and the amount of wheat available for the U.S. to export worldwide [source].
While man had boiled cereal grains into porridge since the earliest times, the growth in corn, oat and wheat production led to the packaged breakfast cereals that people worldwide enjoy today.
The U.S. is also the world’s top popcorn producer [source].
Popcorn As A Breakfast Cereal
While a tale exists that Native Americans brought popcorn to the first Thanksgiving in 1621, the fact is that the corn grown in New England at the time (Northern Flint corn) has a hull too thin to pop effectively. No archaeological evidence of popcorn has been found at these sites.
The idea of popcorn as breakfast cereal likely stems from a real Victorian-era trend. By the 1800s, newer varieties of popable corn from South America had been introduced to the U.S..
Famous authors of the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as Laura Ingalls Wilder in Farmer Boy (set in the 1860s), wrote about eating popcorn in milk. This led later readers to assume the practice went all the way back to the Pilgrims.
In reality, it was a relatively modern “novelty” food at the time she was writing.
While popcorn with milk might be the spiritual ancestor of cereals like Corn Pops, it wasn’t the first breakfast cereal.
The first ready-to-eat breakfast cereal was Granula, invented in 1863 by James Caleb Jackson—roughly 100 years after the Colonial period ended.
> Here’s the history of cold breakfast cereal.
Boiling grains for porridge dates to ancient times. The practice of boiling grains and starches into a mash is one of humankind’s oldest culinary traditions, far predating the invention of agriculture.
According to recent archaeological findings, the practice is at least 32,000 years old, although evidence suggests humans may have been processing starchy plants for much longer.
[8] The practice of boiling grains is at least 32,000 years old (photo © Gordon Ramsay Group).
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*A food staple is a food that makes up the dominant part of a population’s diet. They are eaten regularly—some are eaten daily—and supply a major proportion of the populations’ energy and nutritional needs. Cassava, maize, plantains, potatoes, rice, sorghum, soybeans, sweet potatoes, wheat, and yams are some of the leading food crops around the world [source].
†Central Asia is a region in Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. The region consists of the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which comprises the modern states of China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.
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