Yo-ho-ho and a bottle of rum: August 16th is National Rum Day. (Here’s the pirate song, inspired by Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island.)

Many thanks to Pat Croce’s Rum Barrel sports bar and grill in Key West (now closed, alas) for much of this information.
 
 
WHAT IS RUM?

Everyone who knows the word knows that rum is a spirit. But did you know it was a spirit distilled from sugar cane?

Sugar cane, native to Papua, New Guinea, was brought to the Caribbean by Spanish explorers. It is believed that Christopher Columbus planted it on his second voyage to Cuba and Hispaniola (the latter, now Haiti and the Dominican Republic).

Molasses, from which rum is distilled, is the by-product of sugar refining, the process of turning sugar cane juice into granulated sugar.

 
 
HOW RUM CAME TO BE

The pressing of cane to produce cane juice, and then boiling the juice until it crystallized, was developed in India as early as 500 B.C.E.

In India today, the molasses is used mainly in manufacture of industrial and drinking alcohol, yeast and cattle feed. But we have no record as to what the ancients did with the molasses.

Certainly, they didn’t distill it into a spirit or the liquor would have made its way to the Caribbean and the Middle East, along with the sugar cane plants.

When sugar cane began to be grown and refined in the Caribbean, the white plantation occupants didn’t like the molasses by-product.

So the plantation slaves were allowed to take the strong-smelling, sticky mess. One of them discovered that it could be turned into an alcoholic drink, that we now call rum.
 
 
HOW RUM GOT ITS NAME

Scotch is named for Scotland, bourbon for Bourbon County, Kentucky, tequila for the town of Tequila in Mexico, and so on. What about rum? There’s no location by that name.

The etymology of the word can be traced to this source from 1651:

The chiefe fudling they make in the Island [i.e. Barbados] is Rumbullion alias Kill-Devill, and this is made of suggar cane distilled, a hott, hellish and terrible liquor. [Source: “A briefe Description of the Island of Barbados,” 1651].

 
So: Drink enough rumbullion and you’ll be quite fuddled, among other conditions.

The are other contenders to the name “rum,” claiming that:

 
The name had come into common use by May 1657 when the written record of the General Court of Massachusetts made the sale of strong liquor illegal…

“whether knowne by the name of rumme, strong water, wine, brandy, etc., etc.”
 
 
HOW RUM IS MADE

Some craft distillers today make rum from the fresh cane juice; but most rum is still made from molasses.

 
Aged spirits are often blended before they are bottled. Blending is done for two main reasons:

 
Once the spirit is bottled, the aging process is arrested and little change occurs.
 
 
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF RUM

See our earlier article on the different types of rum.

CARIBBEAN RUMS

[1] The longer rum is aged, the darker it gets. Here, three expressions from Bacardi.

[2] If you have to ask, you can’t afford it…but this 50-year-old rum from Appleton Estate is A “regular” bottle of 50-year-old can be found for $499. But a limited edition of 50-year-old was laid down just before Jamaica received its independence in 1962. A bottle is $5500.

[3] A bottle of rum from 1830 (photo © 109 Gizmondo).

[4] A modern distillallation with a heritage name: Rumbullion is a spiced rum made exclusively for Master of Malt (photo © Master Of Malt).

[5] Aged rum on the rocks. Aged rum is for sipping, not mixing (photo © Appleton Estate).

 
CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA RUMS

 
OTHER RUMS

 
 STYLES OF RUM

While rum is not standardized among countries in terms of proof, years of age, etc., styles can generally be grouped according to the country of origin.

Heirloom tomatoes get a lot of press in the summer. July and August are the peak months to pick these most flavorful tomatoes.

Are they worth the extra cost? And what exactly are heirloom tomatoes?
 
 
WHAT ARE HEIRLOOMS TOMATOES

Heirloom produce—fruits and vegetables—are old varieties, typically with superior flavor, that have been bypassed by commercial growers.

They are produced by family farms and other small-scale growers, and found at farmers markets (see the note below about “fake” heirloom tomatoes).

They have been passed by by the commercial agriculture industry that grew up after World War II, in favor of hybrids that were more profitable to grow.

They are grown from seeds used harvested in past centuries and prewar decades, which have been passed down within families.

Farmers select the seeds from plants that have produced fruits with the most desirable traits, like flavor, juiciness and crack resistance.

They will also select size, shape or color, but these take the back seat to flavor. These are non-hybrid, naturally pollinated fruits.

These precious seeds are what make an heirloom tomato an heirloom tomato.

They are traded at seed meet-ups among farmers and home growers, to help their diversity survive.

There are hundreds of heirloom tomato varieties grown worldwide. Different regions have a heritage of different varieties.

But all growers want the same thing: the robust flavors of “real” tomatoes, be they standard size or cherry.

They aren’t always solid red, but are black, brown, green, orange, pink, purple, yellow, and sometimes, striped.

And the consumers who love them don’t care that the tomatoes are misshapen, or have dark fissures that must be cut out for an attractive presentation.

Some varieties sold by seed companies include:

 
 
WHY HEIRLOOMS ARE NOT A STANDARD TOMATO

Why aren’t heirloom tomatoes grown commercially, in large enough quantities to be sold in every store?

Commercial growers and retailers seek to maximize profit.

Thus, tomatoes have evolved to meet the demands of both consumers and stores, which means great flavor has given away to easy-to-grow, lower-cost tomatoes.

Commercial varieties have been bred for:

 
While commercial tomatoes look great and are very productive, the heirloom varieties have the taste and look of the quality tomatoes that our great-grandparents enjoyed.

Tourists who experience fabulous tomatoes during trips to Greece, Italy and other European countries exclaim that they’re so much better abroad. That’s because they’re heirloom tomatoes.

People who eat heirlooms marvel at their flavor and texture know how different they are from hard, mealy supermarket tomatoes and relish the summer treasure.

The same is true with animal crops. For example, commercial chickens and turkeys are one breed, that are bred to:

 
By the way, there is no regulation around the term “heirloom.” Anyone can call tomatoes heirloom.

Larger growers can use the term for what are actually genetically modified seeds, inferior tomatoes that may have been transported from far away.

That’s why we confine our purchases to farmers markets, where small growers grow the tomatoes locally.

When you see a table of heirloom tomatoes of different varieties, you’ll quickly see how they differ from commercial tomatoes.
 
 
WAYS TO ENJOY HEIRLOOMS TOMATOES

So, what should you do with heirloom tomatoes?

Like extra virgin olive oil, they should be enjoyed in their natural state; i.e., not cooked.

[1] Cherokee Purple heirloom tomatoes (photo © Valeria Boltneva | Pexels).

[2] Green Zebra heirloom tomatoes have a delightful eye appeal (photo © Good Eggs).

[3] Indigo Rose heirloom tomatoes. You can buy the seeds from Harris Seeds (photo © Harris Seeds).

[4] Indigo Blue heirloom tomatoes. You can buy the seeds from Harris Seeds (photo © Harris Seeds).

[5] Heirloom tomatoes are rarely perfectly round (photo © Good Eggs).

[6] A bowl of mixed heirloom tomatoes showing a variety of colors (photo courtesy Suncadia).

 
If you have very soft tomatoes that won’t slice well, make:

 
By the way, heirloom tomatoes have the same nutrition values as supermarket tomatoes—or rather, that hybrid supermarket tomatoes retain the same nutrition as their heirloom ancestors.

These include vitamins A and C and the antioxidant lycopene, a carotenoid that gives red fruits and vegetables their color. (Green, orange and yellow tomatoes don’t have lycopene, but have higher levels of other micronutrients).

As an antioxidant, lycopene protects against cell damage, including sun protection. It also can improve heart health and provide a lower risk of certain types of cancer.

Tomatoes provide about 80% of the lycopene in the American diet.

[1 & 2] Serve appetizer or dessert bites in a paella pan (photos © Empellón Restaurant | NYC.

Here’s an idea from Empellón Restaurant in New York City, which specializes in modern Mexican cuisine.

Grab that paella pan, serving tray or oversize dish from its hiding place, fill it with crushed ice get ready to present an appetizer or dessert “buffet.”

Top the ice with a variety of small bites and shot glasses of apéritifs or dessert drinks.

It’s an idea you can use indoors or outdoors.

We recently used the concept to serve desserts at an al fresco dinner, topping the ice with:

 
To drink:

 
Check out these three-ounce shooter glasses-dessert cups-tumblers that can be used for desserts and drinks. (You can see them in photo #2, filled with lavender mousse.)

You can use them for almost anything you want to keep chilled in the ice, but not on the ice.

For example, with appetizers:

 
Happy entertaining!

You can tell that Americans suffer from lactose intolerance by the different types of lactose-free milk in stores.

In our supermarket, there are as many varieties of lactose-free milk as conventional cow’s milk (0%, 2%, whole, chocolate, etc.).

In fact, Prevention magazine says that 65% of the world population are officially diagnosed as lactose-intolerant. Others among us may be slightly lactose-intolerant but don’t know it.

According to Green Valley Creamery, producer of lactose-free products, there are more lactose-intolerant and lactose-sensitive people in America than gluten-free, vegan and vegetarian people combined.

That’s an estimated 30-50 million people, 12% of the population.

Many members of the lactose-intolerant community just stopped eating dairy altogether. Some switched to non-dairy products made from almond milk, coconut milk, etc.

But what if you love cow’s milk?
 
 
LACTOSE-FREE DAIRY PRODUCTS

Over the past several years, two companies have stepped up to serve the market for lactose-intolerant people who prefer cow’s milk:

 
Others participate on a smaller level. For example:

 
Now, there are two new lactose-free yogurts from Siggi’s.
 
 
SIGGI’S YOGURT (SKYR)

In 2004, Icelander Siggi Hilmarsson moved to New York City. He was disappointed that American yogurts lacked the richness of Icelandic yogurt, or skyr (pronounced skeer).

With a recipe from his mother, Siggi began to make skyr in his kitchen: a lower-sugar yogurt that uses milk from family farms.

When he got it onto the shelves of specialty food stores, it was an immediate hit with yogurt lovers: a luxurious, ultra-premium yogurt experience.

Siggi’s yogurt that is even thicker than Greek yogurt. Greek yogurt is triple-strained, but skyr is quadruple-strained.

By the way, the more concentrated (strained) a style of yogurt is, the costlier it will be because it contains more milk and less water (one cup of Siggi’s requires four times more milk than a typical American brand).

The offset: More milk means more protein.

Siggi’s line has since expanded to include yogurts in 0% non-fat yogurt, 2% low-fat yogurt, 4% whole-milk yogurt and 4% no added sugar yogurt.

For those who can’t have enough richness, there’s a triple cream yogurt made even richer treat with more added cream—an Icelandic practice.

Siggi says that the skyr his dad eats in Iceland may even have more cream than skyr!

Siggi’s also makes whole-milk, drinkable filmjölk, a beverage similar to kefir; yogurt tubes for kids; and yogurt cups with pieces of fruits and nuts.
 
And Now, Lactose-Free Siggi’s Yogurt

Siggi’s new lactose-free yogurts, in Plain and Vanilla, are a whole milk product. As previously noted, in whole milk skyr recipes, that means milk plus a bit of cream.

[1] A dish of yogurt and pomegranate arils (all photos © Siggi’s).

[2] Siggi’s new whole milk, lactose-free yogurts in Plain and Vanilla.

[3] A nutritious breakfast: Siggi’s yogurt, peanut butter, fruit and nuts.

[4] On the savory side: Siggi’s plain yogurt with smoked salmon. Who needs cream cheese? Bagel optional.

A general note about cheese products:

As cheeses age, the lactose begins to disappear, broken down by beneficial bacteria in the cheese. Thus, highly-aged cheeses like Parmesan have much less lactose than cream cheese or goat cheese.

However, even 1% remaining lactose can be too much for highly-sensitive people.

The good news: Two popular cheeses, Cheddar and Jarlsberg, have zero lactose.
 
 
ABOUT LACTOSE INTOLERANCE

Lactose, or milk sugar, is naturally found in milk and other dairy products. All animal milk has lactose, but cow’s milk has more than others.

When people consume lactose, the body digests it with a stomach enzyme called lactase. If a person’s stomach doesn’t produce enough lactase, the lactose remains undigested in the stomach and causes unpleasant symptoms: bloating, gas, diarrhea.

Some people are born without enough lactase to digest milk products. Some produce enough lactase throughout their lives. And others gradually produce less lactase as they grow older.

The most lactose-tolerant people are descended from dairying people of northern Europe.

Certain other ethnic groups, particularly those that historically have consumed little dairy, tend to be more lactose-intolerant. Some of these groups are people of Arab, East Asian and West African, descent.

If you believe you may be lactose intolerant, a physician can give you a simple test.

Then, head to the grocer’s and stock up on Siggi’s lactose-free yogurt.

[1] Frosecco, a frozen Prosecco drink (photo © Cavit).

[2] Flutes of Prosecco at BLT Prime | New York.

[3] The Veneto region of Italy (photo courtesy Wikipedia).

A toast to National Prosecco Day, August 13th (photo #2)! The Bellini cocktail, created in 1948 at Harry’s Bar in Venice, was made with Prosecco.

Here’s the recipe for a Bellini, but our focus today is something new.

Three years ago, the drink rage of the summer was the Frosé, a frozen rosé drink made by adding a scoop of sorbet to a glass of rosé (recipes below.

Now, we propose a new frosty drink: Frosecco, a frozen Prosecco cocktail made with Italy’s famed sparkling wine (photo #1).

It’s a blender drink created by Cavit Winery.
 
 
FROZEN DRINK RECIPE: CAVIT’S FROSECCO

Ingredients For 4-6 Drinks

 
Preparation

1. POUR a bottle of Prosecco into a freezer-proof container and freeze overnight.

2. COMBINE the frozen Prosecco, lime juice, lemon juice, agave and ice in a blender, and pulse or blend to desired consistency.
 

HERE’S MORE ABOUT CAVIT, which also makes Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Merlot, Moscato, Pinot Grigio, Pinot Noir, Riesling, Rosé, Select Red Blend and Sweet Red Blend.

Here’s a store locator.

Here are more Prosecco cocktail recipes from Cavit.
 
 
ABOUT PROSECCO

Prosecco, from the Veneto region of northeast Italy (photo #3), is the best-selling sparkling wine in the world by volume.

The history of Prosecco is not well documented. Until recently, there were different theories about its origin. The name Prosecco is derived from the Italian village of Prosecco near Trieste, where the grape and the wine may have originated.

Now it is believed that the first Prosecco was created in 1868 by Antonio Carpene, who subjected still white wine of the area to a second fermentation, which produced the bubbles.

Today, Prosecco is controlled by DOC or DOCG†. Under these wine laws, Prosecco can be spumante (“sparkling wine”), frizzante (“semi-sparkling wine”), or tranquillo (“still wine”).

The laws also specify which towns can produce Prosecco, typically because of the quality of their soil, which impacts the flavor of the wine.

The flavor of Prosecco is crisp, often described as having notes of apricot, pear, white peach and/or yellow apple.

It is lower in alcohol than Champagne, typically 10.5%-11.5% A.B.V., and nice for a summer apéritif (photo #2) before dinner.
 
 
FROSÉ RECIPES

  
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*If you want a different sweetener, note that gave is twice as sweet as sugar or honey. Here’s conversion information.

†DOCG and DOC are Italian quality classifications. DOCG is Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita, Denomination of Controlled and Guaranteed Origin. DOC is Denominazione di Origine Controllata, Denomination of Controlled Origin.The labels are an assurance of the provenance and quality of the wines. DOCG is the higher category. The regulations for each delineate the production area, permitted grape varieties and production techniques. DOC Prosecco can be produced in nine provinces in the Veneto and Friuli Venezia Giulia regions. Prosecco Superiore DOCG is even more restricted.
 

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